Quality of Research
Review Date: November 2008
Documents Reviewed
The documents below were reviewed for Quality of Research. The research point of
contact can provide information regarding the studies reviewed and the availability
of additional materials, including those from more recent studies that may have been conducted.
Study 1Werch, C., Moore, M. J., DiClemente, C. C., Bledsoe, R. & Jobli, E. (2005). A multi-health behavior intervention integrating physical activity and substance use prevention for adolescents. Prevention Science, 6(3), 213-226. 
Supplementary Materials Werch, C. (2007). The Behavior-Image Model: A paradigm for integrating prevention and health promotion in brief interventions. Health Education Research, 22(5), 677-690.
Outcomes
| Outcome 1: Substance use |
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Description of Measures
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The following substance use outcomes were measured using the Youth Alcohol and Health Survey:
- Frequency and quantity of use in the past 30 days
- Heavy use in the past 30 days
- Initiation of use (how long the respondent has used the substance)
- Stage of initiation (intention to use the substance in the future)
Outcomes were measured at baseline and at 3- and 12-month follow-up.
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Key Findings
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Findings were based on a comparison of outcomes of students randomly assigned to either the SPORT intervention or a minimal-contact control group that received a wellness brochure (provided in school) and a pamphlet about teen health and fitness (mailed to the home).
At 3-month follow-up, students who participated in SPORT reported lower frequency and quantity of alcohol use and less heavy use of alcohol in the past 30 days compared with the control group (p < .002). In addition, students who participated in SPORT reported having been drinking for shorter periods of time and had less intention to use alcohol in the future compared with students in the control group (p < .002). Students who participated in SPORT also reported less frequent cigarette use in the past 30 days compared with students in the control group (p = .01).
At 12-month follow-up, students who participated in SPORT reported shorter duration of alcohol use (p = .03) and less intention to use cigarettes in the future (p < .001) compared with students in the control group.
Drug-using students who participated in SPORT showed significant positive effects at 3-month follow-up compared with drug-using control students in alcohol consumption (frequency, quantity, heavy use), current drug use (cigarette smoking, marijuana use), and past drug use (cigarette smoking, marijuana use), p < .005 for all findings. Positive effects for past cigarette and marijuana use continued through 12-month follow-up (p < .003 for both findings).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 1
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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3.0
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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| Outcome 2: Substance use risk and protective factors |
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Description of Measures
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Substance use risk and protective factors were measured using the Youth Alcohol and Health Survey and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Measures of risk factors associated with alcohol use included positive expectancy beliefs (perceived benefits of alcohol use), perceived prevalence of alcohol use by peers, influenceability by peers, subjective norms, environmental opportunities for alcohol use, and environmental availability of alcohol. Measures of protective factors associated with alcohol use included negative expectancy beliefs (perceived harm or "cons" of alcohol use), behavioral capability, self-efficacy, self-control, perceived susceptibility to alcohol use, parental monitoring, parent-child communication, parent-child communication about alcohol, value incompatibility, school bonding, and bonding with parents. Substance use risk and protective factors were measured at baseline and 3- and 12-month follow-up.
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Key Findings
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Findings were based on a comparison of outcomes of students randomly assigned to either the SPORT intervention or a minimal-contact control group that received a wellness brochure (provided in school) and a pamphlet about teen health and fitness (mailed to the home).
At 3-month follow-up, compared with students in the control group, students who participated in SPORT demonstrated greater protection from alcohol use on measures of negative expectancy beliefs, behavioral capability, perceived susceptibility to alcohol use, parental monitoring, and parent-child communication (p < .05 for all findings) and less risk on measures of intentions to use alcohol in the next 6 months, attitudes toward alcohol, perceived prevalence of alcohol use by peers, and influenceability toward alcohol use (p < .02 for all findings).
At 12-month follow-up, compared with students in the control group, students who participated in SPORT demonstrated greater protection from alcohol use on measures of parent-child communication (p = .006) and positive parent-child relationship (p = .05). However, SPORT participants showed less protection relative to control group students on measures of perceived susceptibility at 12-month follow-up (p = .03). On risk factors, students who participated in SPORT demonstrated lower risk for alcohol use than students in the control group on measures of intentions to use alcohol in the next 6 months (p = .05).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 1
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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2.8
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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| Outcome 3: Physical activity |
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Description of Measures
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Physical activity was measured using the YRBS, which assesses a student's engagement in moderate and vigorous physical activity. Physical activity was measured at baseline and 3- and 12-month follow-up.
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Key Findings
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Findings were based on a comparison of outcomes of students randomly assigned to either the SPORT intervention or a minimal-contact control group that received a wellness brochure (provided in school) and a pamphlet about teen health and fitness (mailed to the home).
At 3-month follow-up, students who participated in SPORT reported higher levels of moderate physical activity compared with students in the control group (p = .007). No overall effects were found for vigorous physical activity at 3- and 12-month follow-up.
Drug-using students who participated in SPORT showed no effects on exercise habits at 3-month follow-up. However, significant positive effects were found for exercise habits (moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity) at 12 months relative to drug-using control students (p = .01 for both findings).
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Studies Measuring Outcome
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Study 1
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Study Designs
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Experimental
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Quality of Research Rating
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2.9
(0.0-4.0 scale)
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Study Populations
The following populations were identified in the studies reviewed for Quality of
Research.
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Study
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Age
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Gender
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Race/Ethnicity
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Study 1
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13-17 (Adolescent)
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56% Female
44% Male
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51% White
27.5% Race/ethnicity unspecified
21.5% Black or African American
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Quality of Research Ratings by Criteria (0.0-4.0 scale)
External reviewers independently evaluate the Quality of Research for an intervention's
reported results using six criteria:
For more information about these criteria and the meaning of the ratings, see Quality of Research.
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Outcome
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Reliability
of Measures
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Validity
of Measures
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Fidelity
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Missing
Data/Attrition
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Confounding
Variables
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Data
Analysis
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Overall
Rating
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1: Substance use
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2.8
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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2: Substance use risk and protective factors
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2.5
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2.5
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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2.8
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3: Physical activity
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2.5
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2.8
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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3.0
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2.9
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Study Strengths The YRBS is a widely used instrument with strong psychometric properties and has been used with diverse populations. To bolster treatment fidelity, the developers provided systematic training for project staff and a standardized research and data collection protocol. Attrition and missing data were low.
Study Weaknesses Little information was provided on the psychometric properties of the Health and Fitness Screen or its appropriateness for use with diverse ethnic and gender groups; while not an outcome measure, this screening tool is a core component of the intervention. Given the known health disparities among ethnic groups and differential activity levels by gender, the lack of information provided about group differences at baseline or in the outcomes was a concern.
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Readiness for Dissemination
Review Date: November 2008
Materials Reviewed
The materials below were reviewed for Readiness for Dissemination. The implementation
point of contact can provide information regarding implementation of the intervention
and the availability of additional, updated, or new materials.
Brief Programs for Health. (2006). SPORT high school version. Jacksonville, FL: Author.
Brief Programs for Health. (2006). SPORT middle school version. Jacksonville, FL: Author.
SPORT Web site, http://briefprograms.com
Youth Health Survey: Brief Version. (2007).
Readiness for Dissemination Ratings by Criteria (0.0-4.0 scale)
External reviewers independently evaluate the intervention's Readiness for Dissemination
using three criteria:
- Availability of implementation materials
- Availability of training and support resources
- Availability of quality assurance procedures
For more information about these criteria and the meaning of the ratings, see Readiness for Dissemination.
Implementation
Materials
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Training and Support
Resources
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Quality Assurance
Procedures
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Overall
Rating
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2.3
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1.8
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2.3
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2.1
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Dissemination Strengths Most of the implementation materials are straightforward and easy to use. Developers are available to provide guidance to interested implementation sites on program implementation and evaluation. An outcome measure and several tools for facilitating implementation fidelity are provided to support quality assurance.
Dissemination Weaknesses The fitness consultation scripts could be awkward if implemented without training, and additional guidance is needed for adapting these scripts for use with some audiences. Additional information for implementation planning and recruiting participants is needed. The program does not have a standardized training curriculum for implementer training. Additional guidance is needed for administering and using data derived from the outcome measure.
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Costs
The cost information below was provided by the developer. Although this cost information
may have been updated by the developer since the time of review, it may not reflect
the current costs or availability of items (including newly developed or discontinued
items). The implementation point of contact can provide current information and
discuss implementation requirements.
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Item Description
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Cost
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Required by Developer
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SPORT program for individuals or groups (includes Webinar training and program support)
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Varies depending on site size (starting at $499 per site)
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Yes
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SPORT parent kit (includes booklet)
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$39.99 each
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No
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SPORT booklet
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$14.99 each
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No
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Positive Image Webinars
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$299 per Webinar for two participants
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No
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Youth Health Outcome Survey
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$99 per site
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No
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Additional Information Discounts are available if SPORT is implemented over multiple years or used with greater numbers of youth.
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Replications
Selected citations are presented below. An asterisk indicates that the document
was reviewed for Quality of Research.
Werch, C., Moore, M. J., & DiClemente, C. C. (2008). Brief image-based health behavior messages for adolescents and their parents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 17(4), 19-40.
Werch, C., Moore, M. J., DiClemente, C. C., Owen, D. M., Jobli, E., & Bledsoe, R. (2003). A sport-based intervention for preventing alcohol use and promoting physical activity among adolescents. Journal of School Health, 73(10), 380-388.
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